Like many Linux and UNIX commands, the find command supports a long list of options. I covered several of the options in a previous article but there are even more useful options. Here are some of them:
Doing things with what we find
The –exec option gives find the powerful ability to execute commands on the files found. The syntax is a little tricky but an example is usually all it takes to get it right.
Before using the -exec option, especially with a powerful command like rm I recommend performing the same find without the –exec. By doing this you will see exactly which files you will be affecting when you run the final command.
The following is a practical example that finds files less than three days old with the .txt extension and deletes them.
Finding .txt Files < 3 Days Old and Delete Them
$ find . -name '*.txt' -mtime -3 -exec rm {} \;
$ ls –lt
total 8
-rw-r--r-- 1 tclark authors 2229 Jan 13 21:35 declaration.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 tclark presidents 1310 Jan 13 17:48 gettysburg.txt
The –exec option allows you to put any command after it. Here we have used rm but it is often useful to use this option with cp or chmod. Within the command to be run there must be two curly brackets {}. find will execute the command for each file it finds substituting the file name (and path) where the curly brackets are. Finally the end of the –exec option is signaled by an escaped semicolon (\;). The –exec option should always be the last option given in a find command.
The find command is great for finding files and directories but next we’ll look at some options for finding other things on the system.
Dealing with “Permission denied” in find
If you use find a lot (and you probably will) you will sometimes run into the problem where you get just pages and pages of output like this:
$ find / -name '*.txt'
find: /var/lib/dav: Permission denied
find: /var/lib/nfs/statd: Permission denied
find: /var/lib/dhcpv6: Permission denied
find: /var/lib/slocate: Permission denied
find: /var/lib/xdm/authdir: Permission denied
find: /var/lib/php/session: Permission denied
find: /var/log/samba: Permission denied
find: /var/log/ppp: Permission denied
find: /var/log/audit: Permission denied
find: /var/log/squid: Permission denied
...
This is find telling you there are certain directories you don’t have permissions to search. This can make it very difficult to find the useful output of the find as it can be mixed in with the permissions errors.
To ignore these (and any other) errors and just get the results of what you can find we can use a special redirect at the end of the command. Redirecting output will be covered in more detail in the chapter on shell scripting, but suffice it to say that in this command 2>/dev/null is redirecting the error output to nowhere.
$ find / -name '*.txt' 2>/dev/null
/var/www/icons/small/README.txt
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/rgb.txt
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/Xprint_FAQ.txt
/usr/lib/4Suite/tests/Xml/Core/count.txt
...
While it would not be a good idea to redirect the error output all the time (usually you want to know when something has gone wrong) in this case of the find command it can be very useful.
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find, search, unix, linux, system administration, sysadmin